The Trafficking Of Human Organs - 1564 Words

Trafficking Human Organs The trafficking of human organs is on the rise and black market operations are happening under everyone’s nose. Currently there are more than 120,000 people who are on the waiting list for a lifesaving organ. Among these people waiting for their transplant approximately twenty-five people will die each day waiting for their number to come up (Perry, 2016). According to the World Health Organization there is only about ten percent of organ transplants being met through the legal process (Bilefsky, 2012). In 2010 there was an estimated amount to 11,000 organs that were obtained through black market operations (Perry, 2016). The trafficking of the human kidney is the most popular organ that is being sold in the black market, due to the fact that a person can live a productive life with only one kidney even though a person is born with two (Living with One Kidney, 2015). It has been estimated that there are 10,000 different black market outfits that in volve the selling and purchasing of human organs that take place annually throughout the world. Through these traffickers a human kidney is being purchased on the astounding average of one every hour (World Health Organization, 2012). Many people who are in pursuit to purchase a kidney will go to China, India, or Pakistan to have the surgery done and has paid up to the amount of $200,000 for a kidney. While the person is paying so much the donor might receive $5,000 of that money from the blackShow MoreRelatedEssay on Human Organ Trafficking1283 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Organ Trafficking There are many problems with global crimes. What holds these crimes together isn’t because people around the world are committing the same crimes, it’s because these criminals have created global organizations that have ties in all the corners of the world. These groups work just like normal business do, exporting and importing goods to gain profit. However, unlike normal businesses their goods are illegal such as drugs and often inhumane such as trafficking humans. EvenRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Is The Illegal Trade Of Human Organs For Transplantation1198 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Trafficking, also known as transplant tourism is the illegal trade of human organs for transplantation. (UNOFC,2016). On the other hand, organ donation is the act of transplanting healthy organs and tissues from one person to another (Medline Plus,2015). It is no secret that organ supply cannot meet the rising demand, and because of that a global organ transplant black market has grown and flourished(Glaser,2005). Although there has been some effort to establish a global organ transplant resolutionRead MoreBlack Market Organ Trafficking : The Illegal Act Of Exchanging Human Organs Or Tissues At An Agreed Price Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesBlack market organ trafficking Organ trafficking deals with the illegal act of exchanging human organs or tissues at an agreed price. This practice involves mafia networks that collect organs from dead or living persons. A majority of people involved in this illicit business are poverty stricken and so, they see it as a promise of a brighter future. While the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined strict rules, imposed ethical standards along with the absence of any monetary compensation, theRead More Do People Who Are Trafficking Human Organs Help Other People?992 Words   |  4 Pages Do People Who Are Trafficking Human Organs Help Other People? (Campbell Davison, 2012), say that the unlawful business in human organs special kidneys has advanced quickly and unexpectedly. The reasons why selling kidneys has advanced quickly is that nowadays many countries have wars so there are many poor people who need money to live a good life. Also, after wars, there are many sick people that felt desperation because they lost their organs in the war and no one donated to them, so they neededRead MoreHuman Organ Trafficking Is What We Hear About All The Time Essay1952 Words   |  8 PagesHuman organ trafficking is what we hear about all the time. By hook or by crook, it appears we ve gone calloused and look at it as anything so detached from our reality. Nonetheless, somewhere in the market, real persons are suffering and are going through this designated difficulty. They re both forcibly or with consent taken and forced to donate their organs or killed and their organs are harvested. They are individuals whose freedom and rights are trampled on and taken away. Ways of GettingRead MoreOrgan Trafficking : A Large Problem1446 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal organ trafficking has become a large problem all over the world. The traffickers are commonly attacking the poor and promising them money but it never ends up being the correct amount. Commonly doctors and pharmaceutical companies overlook the illegal trade of the organs because they receiving money from the transplants. Organ trafficking takes place in three broad categories. The first one is organ traffickers will force or trick the individual into giving up an organ. Secondly the victimRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1498 Words   |  6 Pagescontribute to the issue at hand. The issue I want to focus on is human trafficking. This type of criminalization is often one that is overlooked, most people believing that it is some sort of â€Å"myth,† or that this type of action happens to very few, and is only part of developing countries. However, the truth of the matter is tha t human trafficking occurs everywhere in the world, even the most successful countries. Human trafficking can occur in many different forms, however, there are very few lawsRead MoreHuman Trafficking Across the Globe Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Trafficking Across the Globe Human trafficking is when a person is forced or tricked into working under terrible conditions. The victims of human trafficking may be kidnapped or are sometimes lured with false promises for a better future in a new country. Human trafficking is a high-profit and low-risk endeavor for the traffickers. Human trafficking can occur within a country or trans-nationally and is considered a crime against the victim being trafficked because of the violation of the victim’sRead MoreOrgan Trafficking1137 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Trafficking Organ trafficking is one of the great issues that is faced by the society today. It is a practice of stealing people’s organ through surgery under the influence of drugs or from a dead person, and the organs are normally sold in black market such as China. South Africa, and Russia. WHO has estimated that one-fifth of the 70,000 kidneys that are transplanted every year come from the black market through a widespread organ-trafficking networks. In my opinion, organ trafficking hasRead MoreOrgan Trafficking1465 Words   |  6 PagesGAC015 Assessment Event 4: Academic Research Essay Organ Trafficking Students Name: Mary Jin Student ID #: JPCH21571 Teacher: John Due Date: 2013.2.25 Word Count: 1164 Question: In many countries organ trafficking is illegal, yet the incidence is on the increasing. Examine the legal, ethical and sociological issues involved in procuring human organs for transplant operations, comparing two countries with very different approaches.

Citizen Kane Mise En Scene Analysis - 983 Words

Citizen Kane is a movie starring Orson Welles that is loosely based on the life of William Randolph Hearst and the media empire that he built in the late 1800s and the early 1900s. Mise en Scene is possibly the most important chapter that we have covered that pertains to Citizen Kane and shows numerous examples of it throughout the film to reinforce loss as a recurring theme. Citizen Kane’s non verbal strength is made evident through the use of not only intrinsic interest but through the use of isolated figure versus clustered and off-screen information as well. Perhaps one of the most important segments not mentioned in our scene summary notes that encapsulates Mise en Scene is when Charles Foster Kane is giving his speech when he’s†¦show more content†¦The use of intrinsic interest was effective in this film due to the fact that Kane was a guarded and somewhat secretive man when it came to his personal life and the background information given through th ese shots was helpful when trying to understand the deeper meaning of his actions. It also helps to show the parallels between the fabricated narrative of Charles Foster Kane’s life and the real life of William Randolph Hearst. In the film the use of isolated figure versus clustered is very obvious. It is used throughout the film to show the social isolation of Kane as his success grows in moments when he decides to put aside personal relationships in favor of financial growth and notoriety. Kane tends to appear stronger and more in control in moments when he’s by himself then in moments when he is surrounded or affiliated with others who the film portrays as individuals or groups who â€Å"weaken† him; this results in the film often showing Kane in moments of anguish amidst being successful because he feels misunderstood, isolated and detached from those that were once closest to him. However eventually his isolation catches up with him as we see in the beg inning of the film when we are shown the no trespassing signs and fences before his death; subsequently showing that his isolation has eliminated everyone that would’ve mourned him. Other examples of this are how he periodically moved fromShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Film Citizen Kane By Orson Wells1303 Words   |  6 Pagesthe film ‘Citizen Kane’, directed by Orson Wells (1941) for this assignment. The technical aspects I have chosen to explore will be the use of both mise-en-scene and editing. Synopsis The clip I have selected from Citizen Kane is a montage scene that shows the protagonist Charles Foster Kane eating breakfast with his wife Emily. The scene is presented in the form of a narrative exposition from the mind of Jedediiah Leland, who is the ex business partner of Kane. The entirety of the scene is comprisedRead MoreOrson And Citizen Kane, Touch Of Evil, And Othello, Make Him A Great Auteur? Essay2317 Words   |  10 PagesElie Rahbani 201300566 History of film paper: Topic: Orson welles Question: How do the formalistic and ideological patterns found in Orson Welles’s movies; Citizen Kane, Touch of Evil, and Othello, make him a great auteur? Outline: †¢ 1. Orson Welles (Biography and 3 films) †¢ 2. Formalistic patterns: âž ¢ Mise en Scene in each film âž ¢ Editing in each film †¢ 3. Ideological patterns (in each film) †¢ 4. Orson Welles as an Auteur 1. Orson Welles: Biography: Orson Welles was born on the 6th of MayRead MoreHistorical Analysis of the Movie, Citizen Kane Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pages Historical Analysis, Citizen Kane: Camera Movement Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles, was an exemplary and ground-breaking work. In narrative structure and film style, Welles challenged classical Hollywood conventions and opened a path for experimentation in the later 1940s. Gregg Toland’s deep-focus cinematography and Welles’ use of low-key lighting are often discussed aspects of the movie. True, these were areas of innovation, but when watching the movie in class I was particularlyRead MoreCitizen Kane : Character Analysis : Citizen Kane1337 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis: Kane Citizen Kane one of the consistently top ranked films of all time, A film that would change the course and style of film from that point on Its ability to direct the audience’s attention with its many remarkable and breath-taking scenes. It employed many new cinematic and innovative techniques that apply to lighting, sound mixing and editing that been emulated ever since. The character that we see take the greatest advantages of these new techniques is Charles Foster Kane, utilizingRead MoreFilm Analysis : The Power Of Vertigo1774 Words   |  8 PagesFilm Analysis 1: The Power of Vertigo I remember watching Vertigo for the first time back when I was still very young, but at the time, I didn t really understand anything about the movie. As I watched it again as I grew older, I learned to appreciate how great this movie really is and the special narrative style that the movie presented. Vertigo, to me, was always known as Alfred Hitchcock s best film. Most of Hitchcock’s well-known films like Psycho or North by Northwest have unique title sequencesRead MoreEssay on Music in Scorsese films2910 Words   |  12 Pagessong so that certain points of the music or the vocals will be hitting between certain lines of dialogue. Those lyrics are also commenting on the dialogue† So here we see how Scorsese chooses to use Lyrics that suggest more about the action in the scene, on an almost subconscious level with the audience. This use of editing and fine tuning lyric placement goes to show that it’s far more than just choosing songs for Scorsese. An example of the use of lyrics to construct a feeling is noted later onRead MoreThe Independence Of Meta Cinema And Authorship4881 Words   |  20 Pagesfurther aims to cultivate cinematic literacy among the audience (Valck and Hagener, 1999). Thus, auteurist concerns can be summarised as appealing to the articulation and reception of filmmakers? self-reflexivity. David Bordwe ll has indicated in his analysis on European art cinema that the stress of authorship covers the distinct style of art cinema practices (Bordwell, 1979). In his essay, representative art films are introduced as models conveying authorial marks, among which are Day for Night (LaRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesPhenomenology of the Narrative, 16 II Problems of Film Semiotics Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. The Cinema: Language or Language System? 31 Some Points in the Semiotics of the Cinema, 92 Problems of Denotation in the Fiction Film, 108 III Syntagmatic Analysis of the Image Track Chapter 6. Outline of the Autonomous Segments in Jacques Rozier s film Adieu Philippine, 149 Chapter 7. Syntagmatic Study of Jacques Rozier s Film Adieu Philippine, 177 vii viii CONTENTS IV The Modern Cinema: Some Theoretical

Private statistical database Free Essays

string(119) " statistical noise in the database makes the input perturbation an important method in the enhancement of the privacy\." Abstract As the statistical databases consist of important and sensitive information, the preservation of the privacy in these databases is of extremely significance. Despite the complexity of the statistical databases’ protection, there are diverse sorts of mechanisms which can keep out the confidential data. This report discusses methods as data perturbations, query restriction methods and differential privacy which provide privacy in the statistical databases. We will write a custom essay sample on Private statistical database or any similar topic only for you Order Now Keywords: statistical databases, privacy, input perturbation, output perturbation, differential privacy. 1. Introduction Nowadays, there is a wide-spread access to data. Having a lot of advantages to omnipresent access of information, there is also the possibility to break the privacy of individuals. In the statistical databases, personal data with very large number of individuals is stored. The statistical databases contain multiple statistical information. They give to their users the ability to acquire this information and also to protect the privacy of individuals. However, supporting security in the statistical databases against the revealing of confidential data is complicated and ambitious task. This problem of privacy in the statistical databases has expanded in the recent years. This report will examine the main methods for providing privacy in the statistical databases. 2. Body 2.1. Definition of statistical databases A statistical database is a set of data units which has permissive access to the statistical information connected to these data parts. The statistical database could be described as a database system which allows to its users to obtain only aggregate statistics for a subset of items introduced in the database [1]. The statistical database posses limited querying interface which is restricted to operations such as sum, count, mean, etc. The statistical database also could be defined as query responsive algorithm which permits the users to access the content of the database through statistical queries [2]. The statistical database is concerned with the multidimensional datasets and is related to the statistical summarizations of the data sets’ dimensions. The statistical database is mainly oriented to socio-economic databases which are normally the field of statisticians. An example of statistical database is the census data which is linked to collection of information about the assessment of the population trends. Another example of statistical database is the economic database which includes statistics for the industries’ sales and income or statistics for the use and production of diverse products [3]. 2.2. Privacy in statistical databases The privacy can be described as the right to specify what type of information about individuals or items is allowed to be shared with others. The benefits from analyzing the statistical database are very significant but the release of the information from this database could cause a lot of problems, troubles and damages. Thus, one of the main aims of the statistical database is to ensure privacy of the information. To be an effective statistical database, it should protect all its records [4]. As the statistical database should provide statistical information, it should not disclose private information on the items or individuals it refers to. The releasing of a statistical data may offend the privacy rights of the individuals. Therefore, the statistical database should follow some ethical and legal behavior to defend the individuals’ records. For legal, ethical and professional grounds, the users of the statistical database are not authorized to receive special information on individual records. The statistical database should protect the sensitive information allowing its users to get aggregate information. The restricted access should be permitted either from the point of view of the groups of people to whom this information is available or from the point of view of the certain aspects of this information. However, it is possible sometimes when statistics are correlated, the sensitive information to be inferred. If a combination of aggregate queries is used to obtain information, we say that the information in the database is compromised and therefore the database is also compromised [5]. The main duty for the privacy of statistical database is to find appropriate methods which could ensure that no queries are sufficient to infer the values of the protected records. 2.3. Methods for providing private statistical databases The following methods and techniques are used to secure the privacy in statistical databases. 2.3.1 Perturbation methods There are two main perturbation methods for preserving privacy in statistical databases. The first one is the input perturbation where the primary data is randomly modified and the results are calculated based on this modified data. The second perturbation method is the output perturbation which computes the results from the queries exactly from the actual data [6]. In other words, the input perturbation is detected when the records are computed on the queries while the output perturbation is applied to the query result after computing it on the original data. The perturbation methods look for accomplishment of the masking of item or individual’s confidential information while trying to maintain the basic aggregate relationships of the statistical database. One of the main aims of these methods is to ‘conceal’ particular confidential record. It is also necessary to notice that the perturbation techniques are not encryption techniques which first modify the data, t hen usually send it, receive it and finally decrypt it to the original data. The primary difficulty of these methods is to assure that the introduced error is within the satisfactory limits. There is an exchange between the level of protection that could be attained and the variance of the presented perturbation. 2.3.1.1 Input perturbation The fundamental idea behind this method is that the result which is returned by the queries is based on a perturbed data. This means that the primary data in the statistical database is not used to create query results. One side that is necessary to be taken into account is the duplicated database. This database, which is used to turn back to results, must maintain the similar statistical characteristics as the original database. This technique introduces random noise to the confidential information and thus protects the data. Adding statistical noise in the database makes the input perturbation an important method in the enhancement of the privacy. You read "Private statistical database" in category "Essay examples" The original database is generally changed into modified or perturbed statistical database which is afterwards accessible to the users. The input perturbation permits the users to access the necessary aggregate statistical information from the whole database when it makes changes to the original data. Therefore this process helps to protect the records [7]. The records of the database contain values that are variations of their adequate values in the true database. As a whole this method tries to minimize the severe bias in the query results by allocating the corresponding bias in the data so that it could cancel out in the huge query sets. In the input perturbation, the data is perturbed for instance via swapping attributes or adding the random noise before this data releases the whole statistical database. There are two well-known subcategories in the input perturbation. The probability distribution interprets the statistical database as a sample from a given data that has a certain probability distribution [1]. The main purpose is to transform the primary statistical database with a different sample which is from the same probability distribution. This input perturbation creates a substitute database from the original one. This method is also called data swapping. The second subcategory is the fixed – data perturbation where the values of the records in the statistical database are perturbed only once and for all the records. Since the perturbation process is done only once, the repeated queries have consistent and logical values. This perturbation also constructs an alternative database as the probability distribution. This alternative database is created by changing the value of every record by a randomly produced perturbation value. The fixed – data perturbation could be applied to both numerical and categorical data. 2.3.1.2 Output perturbation The output perturbation differs notably from the input perturbation. In the input perturbation, the data is specified by all statistical features of the database. As longs as in the output perturbation, the perturbed results are directly introduced to the users [8]. Another difference is that in the output perturbation, the problem with the bias is not as harsh as in the input perturbation. This is because the queries are based on the original values but not on the perturbed ones. The output perturbation method is based on calculation of the queries’ responses on the statistical databases. This method adds the variance to the result. The result is produced on the original database however the noise is added to the result before to return it to the users. As the noise is not added to the database, this method generates results that include less bias that the input perturbation. It is necessary to note that if the noise is random then this noise could be reduced by performing th e same query over and over again. Some limitations exist. For example if there is very large number of queries to the statistical database, the amount of the noise added to the results should be also very large [9]. The output perturbation has pretty low storage and computational overhead [10]. This method is rather easy to carry out because it does not influence the query process. The output perturbation consists of different approaches as random sample queries, varying – output perturbation and rounding. The random sample queries technique shows a technique where a sample is created from the query set itself. The random sample queries method denies the intruder accurate control which covers the queries records [11]. One drawback of this method is that it could not ensure enough certainty for users to prevent the confidential data. However, the random sample queries may present precise statistics for number of records. The USA Census Bureau for example mainly works with this technique to restrict the inference in their statistics records. Every reported query is founded upon a gratuitously chosen subpopulation of the query set. The USA Census Bureau is satisfied with this method and applies it very successfully in its activity. The second approach of the output perturbation is the varying – output perturbation [1]. This method is suitable for the SUM, COUNT and PERCENTILE queries. The varying – output perturbation presents a varying perturbation to the data where random variables are used to calculate the answer to a variant of a given query. The last approach of output perturbation is the rounding where all queries are computed based on unbiased data. Afterwards the results are transformed before they are returned to the users. There are three types of rounding – systematic rounding, random rounding and controlled rounding [1]. It is advisable to combine the rounding method with methods to provide more privacy in the statistical database. 2.3.2 Query restriction method The main idea of this method is even if the user does not want to receive deterministically right answers, these answers should be exact, for example numbers. As these answers to queries give the users forceful information, it might be important to deny the answers of some queries at certain stage to prevent the disclosure of a confidential data from the statistical database. The type or the number of queries that a user puts to the statistical database is restricted. This method discards a query which can be compromised. Nevertheless, the answers in the query restrictions are always precise. It could be concluded that the restricted group of the accepted queries considerably reduces the real usefulness of the statistical database. This method provides a protection for the statistical database by limiting the size of the query set, by controlling the overlap among the consecutive queries, by maintaining audit of any answered queries for every user and by making the small-sized cells inaccessible to users of the statistical database. There are five subcategories of the query restriction method – query set size control, query set overlap control, auditing, partitioning and cell suppression [1]. 2.3.2.1 Query set size control method The query set size based method declines the answers to queries which have an influence on a small set of records. Fellegi [12] sets lower and upper limits for the size of the query answer which are based on the characteristics of the database. If the number of the returned records is not within these two limits, the request for the information could not be accepted and therefore the query answer may be denied. The query set size control method can be explained by the following equation [12]: K ? |C| ? L – K,(1) where K is a parameter set by the database administrator, |C| is the size of the query set and L is the number of the entities in the database. The parameter K must satisfy the condition [12]: 0 ? K ?(2) The main advantage of this method is its easy implementation. However, its robustness is low so it is advisable to use it in a combination with other methods. 2.3.2.2 Query set overlap method The query set overlap method permits only queries which have small overlap with formerly answered queries. Thus, the method controls the overlap over the queries. The lowest overlap control restrains the queries responses which have more than the predetermined number of records in common with every previous query [3]. This surveillance is valuable in the defense againstthe trackers as a compromise tool. In spite is all, this method has some drawbacks [13]. This query set overlap control is not enough effective when several users together try to compromise the statistical database. As well as the statistics for both a set and its subset are hard released which limits the efficiency of the database. 2.3.2.3 Auditing The third subcategory of the query restriction method is the auditing. It requires the maintenance of up-to-date logs of all queries which are made by every user. It also requires a continuous check-up for potential disclosure whenever a new query is published. One main advantage of this method is that it permits the statistical database to support the users with unperturbed data and ensure that the response will not be compromised. A disadvantage of the auditing method is its excessive CPU and the requirements for the storage and processing of the collected logs [1]. 2.3.2.4 Partitioning The partitioning method groups the individual entities of a population in a number of reciprocally excessive subsets, known as atomic populations. Therefore, the records are stored in groups which consist of predetermined number of records [4]. A query is permitted only to the entire groups, but not to a subset of a group. The statistical features of these atomic populations form the raw materials which are attainable to the database users. While the atomic populations include exactly one individual entity, a high level of protection can be achieved. A research, taken by Schlorer, found that there is an emergence of the large number of atomic populations with only one entity. The result of this will be a considerable information loss when these populations are clustered. One major drawback of this method is the retrieved value of the statistical information. When the database is partitioned, the statistical data is toughly obscured. This restricts the flow of potential wanted statist ical information by the users. In reality, the users may not have the chance to acquire the desired information. 2.3.2.5 Cell suppression The cell suppression method is frequently used by the census bureau for information which is published in tabular form. This technique protects the tabular data from a compromise. The main idea is to conceal the cells that can lead to a disclosure of a confidential data. In this way, the cell suppression minimizes the suppressed cells with private information. These cells are called primary suppressions. The other cells with non confidential data, which may be a threat and lead to a disclosure, should also be suppressed. These cells with non private information are called complementary suppressions. These complementary suppressions provide a pre-defined level of protection to the primary cells. 2.3.3 Differential privacy As Dalenims (1977) points out that an access to a statistical database should not be allowed to a user to acquire information about an individual’s record which cannot be found out without the access of the database. This form of privacy is difficult to be achieved because of the auxiliary information. The auxiliary information is information which is available to the adversary without an access to the statistical database [14]. For example, let presume that one’s exact weight is considered as highly sensitive information and revealing this information is regarded as a privacy break. Next, it is assumed that the database provides the average weights of people of different nationalities. An adversary of the statistical database who has an access to the auxiliary information, that a particular British person is 10 kilogram thinner than the average French person, can learn the British person’s weight, as long as anyone gaining only the auxiliary information without having an access to the average weights, learns not much [15]. This leads to the application of the concept of differential privacy. In spite of the fact that the differential privacy does not exclude a bad disclosure, it ensures the individual that his or her data will not be included in the database that produces it. The differential privacy is defined as one of the successful methods of providing privacy for the statistical databases. The basic description of the differential privacy is that it is focused on providing ways to increase the accuracy of the queries from the statistical database while trying to minimize the chances of recognizing its records. The differential privacy is a randomized algorithm which accepts the database as input and generates an output [15]. A more precise definition of this method is the following formulation: A randomized function K that gives ?-differential privacy if for the databases D1 and D2, which only differ on at most one element and all S? Range (K), Pr [K (D1) ? S] ? exp (?) x Pr [K (D2) ? S](3) When this function K satisfies the above definition, it can ensure an individual that though this individual removes his or her data from the database, the outputs cannot become indicatively more or less acceptable. The differential privacy strives to guarantee an adjustment to the statistical disclosure control’s problem. The differential privacy aims to publicly let out statistical information relating to a set of individuals without allowing a compromise for privacy. This method demands that there is an inherently the same probability distribution on the produced results. This probability distribution should be independent of whether each individual chooses or not the data set [16]. This process is done indirectly as at the same time it addresses all potential forms of harm and good by concentrating upon the probability of every given output of a privacy method and upon the ways for changes of the probability when any row is added or deleted from the database. The statistical database is usually developed to reach social goals and the expanded participation in the database allows more precise analysis. Therefore, the differential privacy assures the support for the social goals by guaranteeing every individual that there is a quite little risk by connecting to the statistical database. The differential privacy has some advantages. Firstly, this privacy preserving method is independent of any extra and auxiliary information including also other databases which are available to the adversaries. Secondly, the differential privacy is easily implemented through the using of rather sample and general techniques. The last advantage is that the differential privacy usually permits very accurate analysis. 3. Conclusion To conclude, the statistical database provides to users statistical information for values which are based on various criteria. The field of the statistical database is highly important because it encompasses a broad variety of application areas which in principle deal with great amount of data. This statistical database may consist of confidential data which should be protected from unauthorized user access. It is very important to provide a precise statistical database with professional, legal and ethical responsibilities for privacy protection of the individual records. Providing security in the statistical database proves to be a complicated task. There is no single solution to this problem. Therefore, numerous methods and techniques are suggested to be used to ensure privacy in the statistical database. The analysis presented in the report shows that the perturbation methods, the query restriction methods and the differential privacy are clearly among the most promising methods for the private statistical database. References 1. N. Adam and J. Wortmann, Security – control Methods for Statistical Databases: A comprehensive Study. ACM Computing Surveys. 21 (1989). 2. I. Dinur and K Nissim, Revealing Information while Preserving Privacy – In proceeding of twenty-second. ACM SIGMOD – SIGACT-SIGART Symposium on Principle of Database Systems. (2003) p. 202-210. 3. A. Shoshani, OLAP and Statistical Databases: Similarities and Differences. (1997) p. 187 4. C. Guynes, Protecting Statistical Databases: A matter of privacy. Computer and Society. 19 (1989). 5. Z. Michalewicz, J-J Li and K-W Chen, A Genetic Approach for Statistical Database Security.13 (1990) p. 19 6. C. Dwork, F. McSherry, Calibrating Noise to Sensitivity in Private Data Analysis. Springer. 3876 (2006). 7. R. Wilson and P. Rosen, Protecting Data through Perturbation Techniques: The impact on knowledge discovery in database. Journal of Management. 14 (2003) p.13. 8. T. Wang and L. Liu, Output Privacy in Data Mining. ACM Transactions Database Systems. 36 (2011) p.11 9. S. Chawla, C. Dwork et al, Toward Privacy in Public Databases. Theory of Cryptography Conference. (2005). 10. J. Schatz, Survey of Techniques for Securing Statistical Database. University of California at Davis 11. D. Denning, Secure Statistical Databases with Random Sample Queries. ACM Transactions on Database Systems. 5 (1980) p. 292 12. I. Fellegi, On the question of statistical confidentiality. Journal of American Statistical Association. 67 (1972), 7-18. 13. D. Dobkin, A. Jones and R. Lipton, Secure Databases: Protection Against User Influence. ACM Transactions on Database Systems. 4 (1979). 14. C. Dwork, Differential Privacy. 33rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, part II (ICALP). Springer Verlang. (2006). 15. C. Dwork, Ask a better question, get a better answer – a new approach to private data analysis. 11th International Conference on Database Theory (ICDT ). Springer Verlang (2007). 16. C. Dwork, Differential privacy in New Settings. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. (2010). How to cite Private statistical database, Essay examples

Service Management - Service concept free essay sample

Service Management Introduction It is considered that the most critical thing for a company is to effectively and efficiently deliver the service to the customers. It does really matter which industry the organization is operating in, the features of services have be taken very seriously and in addition to that, customers have to be satisfied in order for the organization to grow. It has been argued by numerous scholars that the primary need of the customers in the modern business world is to have a good experience, along with added value to be served to them. It is important to note that regardless of the apabilities of a product, the organization is not likely to be successful in accordance with its full potential if the offered services are not effective and efficient enough. In addition to that, the management of the services includes the whole end- to- end process, in which the customer is facilitated by the provider of service in every way it could be. The approach of the service management urges the organizations to stop focusing on what we do or what we have and start focusing on what we deliver to the customers. It is important to note that most of the customers buy a product because f its excellent service. Need For Improvement Improvement in services provides the organizations with an opportunity of increasing profitability as well as revenues and improving the services overall would mean increased effectiveness and efficiency. This would mean an increase in the returns for a significantly less investment as compared to making improvement in the equipment, machineries as well as the products. Improvement in the services provides the organization with a competitive edge over the others and tends to drive the culture of service. It basically involves interacting with the customers. This could be done by talking to them, communicating with them regarding their likes as well as their dislikes and even encouraging some services according to their preferences. It is the understanding of the customer which is known to be critical for the success of an organization. Discussion It is considered that in case of unhappy customers with the customer support or the service provided to them, then there are a few steps which an organization should consider taking. These include: 1 . Looking for the worst metric and tightening up the response. The operations of an organization have to analyze. Things should be considered like the maximum time that the customer has had to wait for its call to be answered or the time the customer has waited in line. 2. Improvement in the service level reporting. The organizations should replace perception with the reality of whether its bad or good. After this the organization could portray an improvement with the passage of time. 3. Resetting the expectations. The level of service that the confirmed with the customers. This would allow the organization to keep up to the expectations of the customer. The service concept With the increasing changes in the tastes and fashion of the people and the services as well as the products become similar to one another, it is a high possibility that the other organizations are likely to copy the services as well as the products of other organizations. In order to avoid too much similarity and maintain some level of comparative advantage, the organizations are more than likely to compete through some other elements which rise above their offering of the services. This is generally known as the service concept. The service concept is known a little more emotional han the model of the business and much deeper than the brand. In addition to that, it is observed that the level of complexity is higher in a service concept as well as being a lot more solid as compared to a vision. This provides us with a clear idea regarding services management. The chief of service are known to be inability to inventory, intangibility, easy entries, and production of the service as well as external influences. The concept of the service is considered to be the mutual understanding between the received nature of the nature and the provided nature of the service by the organization. In addition to that, it should also be able to summarize the information regarding the idea of the organization, the experience of the service, the outcome of the service and the operation of the service as well as the value of the service which is given below. When a customer goes out and generally considers the things around while doing routine work, it is likely to be attracted by the experience that it receives with the service provided by the organization. This is a motivating factor for the customer and is likely to attract the customer if applied well. In addition to that, it is an important thing to note that under the xamples of a customer going for a walk in the park, its experience of the service would include services which are fun and lively for all the age groups, there is a variety of attractions, the queues for the major rides, entertaining and exhilarating, easiness and the time taken to buy the required ticket. Apart from that, the operation of the service would include a massive car parking area, good signage to the park, clear map sites, various kinds of queuing procedures, a variety of outlets containing food as well as the more the attractions and rides, the better the operations of the ervices. The experiences as well as the operations of service had been defined of a customer visiting a park. What the customer perceives as a result depends upon the offerings analyzed above. Good outcomes may include fun time, great day for outing, thrilling rides, no moment of dullness throughout the experience, great experiences with family and friends as well as total exhaustion of the customers. These outcomes are known to be ideal outcomes. However, if the services are provided efficiently and with extreme care, the values that are to be attained by the customers include free arking, the ticket being expensive but the money was worth the fun, reasonable pricing of the food items, all inclusive pricing as well as the total values of the money received by the customers. This is a well-defined service concept. There have been concept is known to be the approach that companies tend to have its services perceived by its shareholders, employees, customers as well as the lenders (Heskett 1986). It is also known as the customer benefit package (Collier, 1994). This means the things that aim at providing value as well as the benefit to the customers. This lement has also been applied in the marketing concept. An example could be making use of 8Ps of marketing which includes the features of place, process, physical evidence, productivity, people, promotion, pricing as well as Service product (Lovelock and Wright 1999). The service concept is also defined as a process of 4 steps which includes service operation, service experience, service outcome and the value of the service Oohnston and Clark 2001). The operation of the service is the way in which the delivery of the service is done, the experience of the service includes the irect experience of the customer, the outcome includes the results as well as the benefits of the service perceive by the customer and the value of the service includes the benefits that has been attained by the customers which are weighed against the service cost. A detailed service concept is highlighted below. Theory Service theory is meant by the knowledge of what is normal as well as permanent in the production of a service. It has been observed that most of the studies conducted on services have made use of 1 or 2 alternate approaches. This is defined as normative or descriptive purpose. The 2 basic resulting paradigms of theory have differed from one another when if when the study object has been the same. The descriptive theory is known to possess the information regarding the present as well as the past activities of production or utilizing a service. However, it does not tend to aid in its modification according to the demands of the latest requirements. Historic and academic studies have often been observed to be of the same kind. The normative theory of service is known to have attained the general information as well as the tools that could be made use of in the production of a service. This is specially done for its optimization as well as the improvements in planning. The research which is made use of in the creation of normative theory tends to be extensive as it requires a larger number of cases. Practices of Service Management The practices of the management of services would highlight numerous sources of the theory itself. This theory is portrayed in different ways by different scholars and researchers. The basic theory provides a seven step model of practices in to different domains of activity in which the organization has to provide the service. 1. Plan: How the organization tends to run its operations. In addition to that, what needs to be done in order to run this operation? 2. Solve: The needs of the customers have to be determined and accordingly the services have to be created. . Evolve: The way in which the things work in the organization in a disciplined and controlled way. 4. Provide: The services to the customers 5. Assure: The services are able to meet the objectives set by the organization. In safe and secure for the customers as well as the organization. 6. Respond: When things tend to take place. This especially includes situations when the customers require assistance or advice. 7. Govern: The entire procedure and system and make sure that the requirements are met according to the goals set. In addition to that, it has to be ensured that these stay under the bounds that have been set initially. SERVQUAL model The purpose of the model is to determine the average gap score between the expectations and the perceptions of the customers. The model itself is dependent on 3 basic dimensions which include solutions and causes to be the gaps, the gaps as well as the chief dimensions of service. The Gaps Gap 1: difference between the perception of the management and the expectations f the customers. Gap 2: difference between the perception of the management and the specifications of the service quality. Gap 3: difference between the specifications of the service quality and the delivery of the actual service. Gap 4: difference between the delivery of the service and what has been communicated externally. Gap 5: difference between the expectations of the customers regarding the service and what is actually received by them. Apart from these, there are known to be a few chief dimensions of the service. These include empathy, assurance, responsiveness, reliability and tangibles. Reliability: the organization should be reliable and able to keep up to its words. It should do what it has said to do and the promises should be fulfilled in any case. Customers depend on the reliability of their providers. This is most important thing that is valued by the customers. The providers of services are required to be reliable as well as advanced. Responsiveness: the organization should have the expertise to be able to respond to any queries immediately, quickly and promptly. Waiting would make the customer frustrated and doubtful of the services provided by the organization. Assurance: the customers perceive the providers of services as experts in their profession. This is the chief reason they do not expect any delays and mishaps. This has to be assured to the customers by the organization. Empathy: Services should in accordance with the provided specifications. The organization should ensure that it does deviate from initial instructions of the customer and that the service should have 100 percent compliance in accordance with the specifications provided by the customers. Tangible: another important factor is the appearance of the service providers. It is considered that the customer ill have a good initial perception of the organization if it appears to be attractive.